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==== Sustainability Assessment Frameworks ====

In recent years, sustainable development has become an inexpungible part of our society, as it ensures that the needs of the present are met without compromising the future generation’s ability to meet their needs. The ideology first came into light when ‘Our Common Future’ titled report discussed the need for better management for the available limited resources on earth (Brundtland, 1987). Sustainable development means progression of society in a manner that improves the quality of life but also enables the present and future generations to maintain that quality of life (Oritz et al., 2019). Sustainable development has three founding pillars: what needs to be sustained? What should we develop? How can the generations participate?

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To tackle the complex phenomenon of unsustainability, sustainability science, thus, inherently becomes trans- and interdisciplinary science, and requires collaboration among the various stakeholders of a society. The diversity of concepts, instruments, approaches, indicators, requirements, or ‘the sustainability toolbox’ increases rapidly. This wiki article tries to enlist some of the major and widely used tools in sustainability science around the globe. 

The major frameworks of sustainability include the following factors:
 
Sustainability assessment frameworks provide structured approaches to evaluate and measure the environmental impact, performance, and sustainability of projects, policies, organizations, or systems. Several frameworks exist, each focusing on different aspects of environmental sustainability. Here are some prominent ones:

'''Indicator Based Assessment:''' 

1.	Ecological Footprint:
This framework measures the ecological resources used by individuals, communities, or nations and compares it to the Earth's biocapacity to regenerate those resources. It assesses the environmental impact of human activities, including carbon footprint, land use, water consumption, and biodiversity loss.

2.	Environmental Sustainability Index:
The environmental sustainability Index measures the ‘collective growth of an economy towards environmental sustainability’ (CIESIN, 2002). The major categories of indicators are: 1). Environmental state 2). Stress measure on environment 3). Coping Capacity 4). International standard maintenance 5). Agreement and integration. The indicator also includes social and institutional factors as part of the coping capacity.

3.	Human Development Index:
HDI is used by United Nations Development Plan to evaluate the various development plans, in different countries, leading to the social and economic progress. It has three major parameters: 1). longevity (measures life expectancy), 2). standard of living (measure GDP per capita) and 3). Knowledge (measures literacy rate) (UNDP, 2004). 

4.	Environmental Pressure Indicators:
The environmental Pressure Indicators intends on providing the common and comprehensive comparison of environmental situations in various countries (EU countries). It was developed by the Statistical Office of the European Communities. It is used to evaluate the environmental sustainability and provide focus points for improvement (European Commission and Eurostat, 1999, 2001). 

'''Product Related Assessment:'''

1.	Life Cycle Assessment (LCA):
LCA evaluates the environmental impacts of a product, process, or service across its entire life cycle, including extraction of raw materials, production, use, and disposal. It quantifies resource consumption, energy use, emissions, and waste generation to identify areas for improvement (Lindfors, 1995).

2.	ISO-Standards:
Various ISO standards provide guidelines and frameworks for environmental management and sustainability, such as ISO 14001 for environmental management systems and ISO 26000 for social responsibility. These standards help organizations establish and improve their environmental performance.

3.	Product material flow analysis:
This analysis focuses on the flow of all the resources and materials being used in a particular product or service, called ‘ecological rucksack’ (Spangenberg et al., 1999). The rucksack represents the true weight of any product on the environment by subtracting the weights of the materials with the weights of the product usability and need. 

Policy/Project Related Assessment:

1.	Sustainability Reporting Frameworks:
Frameworks like the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) and the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) provide guidelines for organizations to report their environmental impacts, sustainability initiatives, and performance metrics. These frameworks help in transparently communicating environmental efforts to stakeholders.

2.	Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA):
EIA is a systematic process used to identify, predict, and evaluate the potential environmental effects of proposed projects, policies, or developments. It aims to predict and mitigate adverse impacts and ensure sustainable decision-making.

3.	Risk Assessment 

4.	Vulnerability assessment

5.	Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) Cycle:
The PDCA cycle is a continuous improvement framework that involves planning, implementing, monitoring, and adjusting processes to achieve environmental sustainability goals. It supports iterative improvements and adaptability in environmental management systems.

'''Monetary System Valuation:''' 

1.	Carbon Accounting and Management (Carbon Footprinting):
This is a framework implemented to assess the total greenhouse gas emissions of any entity, (individual, industry, organization etc.) Frameworks like the Greenhouse Gas Protocol or Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) assist organizations in measuring, managing, reducing, and reporting their greenhouse gas emissions. These frameworks enable tracking emissions and setting reduction targets.

2.	Natural Capital Accounting:
This framework values and accounts for natural resources and ecosystems' contribution to economic activities. It measures and quantifies natural assets (e.g., forests, water resources) and their services, integrating environmental considerations into economic decision-making.

'''Sustainable Development Goals Assessment''' 

The United Nations SGDs provide a framework for global sustainability efforts. Assessing progress towards these goals involves evaluating various indicators related to health, poverty, education, gender, climate, ecosystems to track advancements and identify areas needing attention.

Each assessment method framework is diverse and offers distinct methodologies, tools, and indicators tailored to specific contexts or objectives. They are often used in combination to systematically evaluate and address sustainability challenges. They provide valuable insights to policy makers, businesses, and communities to make informed decisions, which helps balance socio-economic development with environmental conservation. 

'''Indicators:'''

Sustainability assessment involves evaluating various indicators across environmental, social, and economic dimensions to measure the long-term viability and impact of activities, policies, or systems. Major indicators for sustainability assessment can be categorized into these three dimensions:

1.	Environmental Indicators:

*Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions: Measures carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and other greenhouse gases emitted from human activities, contributing to climate change.

*Energy Consumption: Evaluates the use of energy resources, including renewable and non-renewable sources, to assess efficiency and identify opportunities for reduction.

*Water Use and Efficiency: Tracks water consumption, wastewater generation, and water conservation efforts to ensure sustainable water management.

*Biodiversity and Ecosystem Health: Measures the health and diversity of ecosystems, assessing impacts on species, habitats, and natural resources.

*Waste Generation and Management: Evaluates the amount of waste generated, recycling rates, and efforts to reduce, reuse, and recycle materials.

*Land Use and Habitat Preservation: Assesses land use patterns, deforestation rates, urban sprawl, and conservation efforts to protect natural habitats.

2.	Social Indicators:

*Community Engagement and Participation: Measures involvement, empowerment, and inclusivity of communities in decision-making processes and initiatives.

*Health and Well-being: Evaluates access to healthcare, quality of life, social services, and overall well-being of individuals within a community or organization.

*Equity and Social Justice: Assesses fairness, equality, and social justice aspects, ensuring that policies and activities do not disproportionately impact marginalized groups.

*Education and Capacity Building: Tracks investments in education, training, and skill development to enhance human capital and empower communities.

*Human Rights and Labor Practices: Evaluates adherence to human rights principles and fair labor practices within organizations or supply chains.

3.	Economic Indicators:

*Financial Performance: Assesses profitability, cost-effectiveness, and financial stability of activities or projects.
Resource Efficiency and Material Use: Measures resource utilization efficiency, minimizing waste and optimizing resource allocation.

*Innovation and Technology Adoption: Evaluates the use of innovative technologies and practices to drive sustainable economic growth and competitiveness.

*Investment in Sustainable Practices: Tracks investments in sustainable infrastructure, renewable energy, and environmentally responsible initiatives.

*Supply Chain Management: Assesses sustainability practices throughout the supply chain, including ethical sourcing, responsible procurement, and supplier engagement.

These indicators provide a framework for evaluating sustainability across its various dimensions. Integrating these indicators allows for a holistic assessment, guiding organizations, policymakers, and researchers in making informed decisions to foster long-term sustainability and resilience.


The author of this entry is Neha Chauhan