Learning to Use Computer's Terminal

The terminal, also known as the command line or console, is a powerful tool that allows you to interact with your computer using text commands. It provides greater control and efficiency for various tasks such as file management, running programs, and automating workflows.

This entry covers how to access and use the terminal on both macOS and Windows, focusing on basic commands that are common between the two operating systems.

Why Use the Terminal?

1. Efficiency: Perform tasks faster than using graphical interfaces.
2. Automation: Automate repetitive tasks with scripts.
3. Development: Essential for programming and development workflows, for examle, for installing and managing packages.

Accessing the Terminal

macOS

On macOS, the terminal is called Terminal.app and provides a Unix-like command-line environment.

To open the terminal:

1. Use Spotlight Search.
2. Press Command (⌘) + Space to open Spotlight.
3. Type Terminal and press Enter.

Windows

Windows offers several command-line interfaces:

• Command Prompt(cmd): The traditional Windows command-line interface.
• PowerShell: An advanced shell with scripting capabilities.
• Windows Terminal: A modern application that can host multiple shells, including Command Prompt and PowerShell.

Difference Between Command Prompt and PowerShell

While both Command Prompt and PowerShell are command-line interfaces available on Windows, they have key differences:

• Command Prompt (cmd): This is the traditional Windows command-line interface, dating back to the MS-DOS era. It supports a basic set of commands and is suitable for simple tasks like file manipulation and running older scripts.
• PowerShell: Introduced by Microsoft as a more advanced shell. It offers powerful scripting capabilities, uses cmdlets and provides enhanced functionality for system administration, automation, and configuration management.

Which One Should You Use?

For most modern programming, data analysis, and automation tasks, PowerShell is the recommended choice due to its advanced features and compatibility with contemporary tools. PowerShell supports many of the same commands as Command Prompt (with some syntax differences) and offers a richer set of functionalities. However, if you’re working with legacy systems or scripts that were specifically designed for Command Prompt, you might need to use cmd to ensure compatibility.

To open the Command Prompt:

1. Using Run Dialog: • Press Windows Key + R to open the Run dialog. • Type cmd and press Enter. 2. From Start Menu: • Click on the Start button. • Type Command Prompt and select it from the search results.

To open PowerShell:

• From Start Menu: • Click on the Start button. • Type PowerShell and select it from the search results.

Common Terminal Commands

Below are basic commands commonly used in both macOS and Windows. Note that macOS uses Unix-based commands, while Windows uses different syntax. However, Windows PowerShell shares some similarities with Unix commands.

Navigating Directories

• Change Directory: • macOS and Linux:

cd [directory]

• Windows (Command Prompt and PowerShell):

cd [directory]

• List Files and Directories: • macOS and Linux:

ls

• Windows Command Prompt:

dir

• Windows PowerShell:

ls

• Print Working Directory: • macOS and Linux:

pwd

• Windows Command Prompt:

cd

• Windows PowerShell:

pwd

Managing Files and Directories

• Create a Directory: • macOS and Linux:

mkdir [directory_name]

• Windows (Command Prompt and PowerShell):

mkdir [directory_name]

• Delete a File: • macOS and Linux:

rm [file_name]

• Windows Command Prompt:

del [file_name]

• Windows PowerShell:

Remove-Item [file_name]

• Delete a Directory: • macOS and Linux:

rm -r [directory_name]

• Windows Command Prompt:

rmdir /s [directory_name]

• Windows PowerShell:

Remove-Item [directory_name] -Recurse

• Copy a File: • macOS and Linux:

cp [source_file] [destination]

• Windows Command Prompt:

copy [source_file] [destination]

• Windows PowerShell:

Copy-Item [source_file] [destination]

• Move/Rename a File: • macOS and Linux:

mv [source] [destination]

• Windows Command Prompt:

move [source] [destination]

• Windows PowerShell:

Move-Item [source] [destination]

Viewing File Contents

• Display Contents of a File: • macOS and Linux:

cat [file_name]

• Windows Command Prompt:

type [file_name]

• Windows PowerShell:

Get-Content [file_name]

Clearing the Screen

• Clear Terminal Screen: • macOS and Linux:

clear

• Windows Command Prompt:

cls

• Windows PowerShell:

Clear-Host

Useful Tips

• Auto-Completion: Press Tab to auto-complete file and directory names. • Command History: Use the Up and Down arrow keys to navigate through previous commands. • Cancel Command: Press Ctrl + C to cancel the current command. • Help and Manual Pages: • macOS and Linux:

man [command]

• Windows Command Prompt:

[command] /?

• Windows PowerShell:

Get-Help [command]

Advanced Usage

• Piping and Redirection: Redirect output of commands or chain commands together. • macOS and Linux Example:

ls | grep [pattern]

• Windows PowerShell Example:

Get-ChildItem | Where-Object { $_.Name -like “[pattern]” }

• Environment Variables: • Display Environment Variables: • macOS and Linux:

printenv

• Windows Command Prompt:

set

• Windows PowerShell:

Get-ChildItem Env:

• Executing Scripts: • macOS and Linux: Use shell scripts with .sh extension.

bash script.sh

• Windows PowerShell: Use scripts with .ps1 extension.

./script.ps1

Conclusion

Understanding how to use the terminal enhances your ability to interact with your computer efficiently and is essential for many programming and development tasks. While there are differences between macOS and Windows command-line interfaces, many basic concepts and commands are similar or can be adapted across platforms.

Further Reading

• macOS Terminal User Guide: Apple Support • Windows Command Prompt Documentation: Microsoft Docs • PowerShell Documentation: Microsoft Docs